Klinger Volume Oscillator

Created by Stephen Klinger, the Klinger Volume Oscillator depicts volume-based trend reversal and divergence between short and long-term money flow. [Discuss] 💬

// C# usage syntax
IReadOnlyList<KvoResult> results =
  bars.ToKvo(fastPeriods, slowPeriods, signalPeriods);

Parameters

param	type	description
fastPeriods	int	Number of lookback periods (F) for the short-term EMA. Must be greater than 2. Default is 34.
slowPeriods	int	Number of lookback periods (L) for the long-term EMA. Must be greater than F. Default is 55.
signalPeriods	int	Number of lookback periods for the signal line. Must be greater than 0. Default is 13.

Historical price bars requirements

You must have at least L+100 periods of bars to cover the warmup and convergence periods. Since this uses a smoothing technique, we recommend you use at least L+150 data points prior to the intended usage date for better precision.

bars is a collection of generic TBar historical price bars. It should have a consistent frequency (day, hour, minute, etc). See the Guide for more information.

Response

IReadOnlyList<KvoResult>

• This method returns a time series of all available indicator values for the bars provided.
• It always returns the same number of elements as there are in the historical price bars.
• It does not return a single incremental indicator value.
• The first L+1 periods will have null values since there's not enough data to calculate.

🚩 ⚞ Convergence warning

The first L+150 periods will have decreasing magnitude, convergence-related precision errors that can be as high as ~5% deviation in indicator values for earlier periods.

KvoResult

property	type	description
Timestamp	DateTime	Date from evaluated TBar
Oscillator	double	Klinger Oscillator
Signal	double	EMA of Klinger Oscillator (signal line)

Utilities

• .Condense()
• .Find(lookupDate)
• .RemoveWarmupPeriods()
• .RemoveWarmupPeriods(removePeriods)

See Utilities and helpers for more information.

Chaining

Results can be further processed on Kvo with additional chain-enabled indicators.

// example
var results = bars
    .ToKvo(..)
    .ToSlope(..);

This indicator must be generated from bars and cannot be generated from results of another chain-enabled indicator or method.

See Chaining indicators for more.

Streaming

Use the buffer-style List<T> when you need incremental calculations without a hub:

KvoList kvoList = new(34, 55, 13);

foreach (IBar bar in bars)  // simulating stream
{
  kvoList.Add(bar);
}

// based on `ICollection<KvoResult>`
IReadOnlyList<KvoResult> results = kvoList;

Subscribe to a BarHub for advanced streaming scenarios:

BarHub barHub = new();
KvoHub observer = barHub.ToKvoHub(34, 55, 13);

foreach (IBar bar in bars)  // simulating stream
{
  barHub.Add(bar);
}

IReadOnlyList<KvoResult> results = observer.Results;

See Buffer lists and Stream hubs for full usage guides.